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<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> Colonization in the Crow Gut Involves High Deletion within the Cytolethal Distending Toxin Gene Cluster.

Author
Abstract
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Campylobacter spp. are major causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. The virulence potential of Campylobacter shed in crow feces obtained from a roost area in Bothell, Washington, was studied and compared with isolates from other parts of Washington, and from a different crow spp., 7000 miles away, in Kolkata, India. Campylobacter was isolated from 61% and 69 % of the fecal samples obtained from Washington and Kolkata, respectively and were confirmed to be C. jejuni The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) gene cluster from these isolates revealed a truncated sequence of about 1400 bp. Sequencing of the gene cluster revealed two types of mutation: a 668-bp deletion across cdtA and cdtB and 51 bp deletion within cdtB Some strains had an additional 20 bp deletions in cdtB In either case, a functional toxin is not expected; a functional toxin is produced by the expression of three tandem genes, cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC Reverse Transcriptase PCR with total RNA extracted from the isolates showed no expression of cdtB. A toxin assay performed with these isolates on HeLa cells failed to show cytotoxic effects on the cells. The isolates, however, were able to colonize the chicken ceca for at least a period of four weeks, similar to that of a clinical isolate. Other virulence gene markers Flagellin A, and CadF, were present in 100% of the isolates. Our study suggests crows carry the bacteria C. jejuni, but with a dis-functional toxin protein that is expected to drastically reduce it's potential to cause diarrhea.Importance:Campylobacters are major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Since outbreaks have been usually correlated to poultry or unpasteurized dairy products, contact with farm animals, or contaminated water, historically, majority of the studies have been with campylobacter isolates from poultry, domestic animals, and human patients. The bacterium, however, has a broad host range that include birds. These reservoirs need to be investigated because identification of the source and determination of the transmission routes for a pathogen are important for the development of evidence based disease control programs. In this study two different species of the human-commensal crow, from two different geographical regions separated by 7000 miles of land and water, have been examined for their ability to cause disease by shedding campylobacter. Our results show that the crow, may not play a significant role in campylobacteriosis because the campylobacter they shed produce a non-functional toxin.

Year of Publication
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2018
Journal
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Applied and environmental microbiology
Date Published
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2018
ISSN Number
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0099-2240
URL
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http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=29330183
DOI
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10.1128/AEM.01893-17
Short Title
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Appl Environ Microbiol
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